Documents of American History Essay Example for Free

Documents of American memoir Essay washbasin Adams is an important figure in the history of this country at the just about important time in its history the time of its birth. He is a towering figure in American History and his accomplishments speak to protecting the rights of his lumberjack men, tied(p) if those men were British soldiers accused of shooting Americans as was the case with the Boston Massacre of 1770.John Adams served as minister to France in 1777 when at that time, the colonists severely needed French intervention if they ever hoped to win the American Revolution. Adams also had a contributing role in Americas Declaration of license as he was a vocal member of the Continental Congress. Adams also wrote the Massachusetts State nature, including its Bill of Rights. All of the above mentioned speak to the love of immunity and the protection of these rights to which Adams spoke so dearly.So then why during the 20th century, was Adams almost vilified comp ato mic number 18d to his friend and one time enemy Thomas Jefferson? It is peculiar how History seems to take sides over one issue of vilifies or glorifies one person above his real role in life. both(prenominal) Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln enjoyed much(prenominal) an honor during the latter half of the 19th century and into the 20th. Only recently, when it is almost certain, that Jefferson fathered children of a mixed breed, yet still owned 200 slaves at a time, when Adams spoke to the emancipation of sla very(prenominal), does the playing field become more level.This is especially true with David McCulloughs book John Adams, which actually sparked a Congressional brainstorm into the importance of John Adams and a rethinking by the American public, spoke about the legacy of a man who was vital to the survival of this new experiment called the American Republic. Adams is vilified to a certain degree for two actions forcing his bitterness over the loss of the 1800 election, not to greet the incoming President as is the custom now, and the dreaded foreign and Sedition Acts of 1798 which horrified Thomas Jefferson and helped lead to the one time crush friends, not to speak to speak to each other for another twelve years.Both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson will be forever linked together in American history. The 2nd and 3rd presidents of The United States and one time best friends, who later became political rivals and has the distinction of dying on the equal day the 50 anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence, were giants in the quest for American Independence. John Adams, twice, served as a diplomat to France both during the American Revolution as rise as in the years immediately following the war.Both Jefferson and Adams were very important times since historians later hailed French involvement in the American Revolution as what helped turned the tide of the war in the favor of the colonists. (McCullough, 2001 p. 322) And as the war was nearing its end, John Adams wrote his states Constitution as salutary as its Bill of Rights. This Constitution, more than any other of its time, expanded these rights, to a greater degree than had been seen previously. Adams was instrumental in procuring the freedom of African Americans, who in Jeffersons Virginia, would continue to be slaves or live in slave like conditions well after the end of the Civil War and despite the passage of the 13th, 14th and 15th Amendments. But it would not be until the 20th century that such ironies were abandoned their proper attention.But it would be the passage of the 1798 Alien and Sedition Act that would puzzle and infuriate all those that had been a part of the construction of the Constitutions Bill of Rights in 1791 and specifically, the 1st amendment which protected, among others, a persons right of free speech. (Burns, 1997) This meaning has been expanded over the years but then as well as now, its first usage was to protect o ne who criticized the government, from reprisal.The 1798 Alien and Sedition Acts seemed to come in stark contrast to this most sacred of rights inside the American Constitution. It said That if any persons shall unlawfully combine or conspire together, with intent to oppose any measure or measures of the government of the United States, which are or shall be get uped by proper authority, or to impede the operation of any law of the United States Shall be punished by a fine not exceeding $5,000 or a term in prison between five months to six years. (Commanger, 1947 p. 177) This Act would later be repealed barely to see the light of day again in 1918 during WWI. But such measures, horrified Thomas Jefferson and in response, wrote along with his friend James Madison, the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions which were in direct response to the Sedition Acts and portrayed the further split between the Federalist and Democratic Parties, made even wider by the personal disunion caused by Ad ams and Jefferson.The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions stated that no mogul over freedom of religion, freedom of speech, or freedom of the press being delegated by the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, all lawful powers respecting the same did of right remain, and were reserved to the States, or to the people. (Commanger, 1947 p. 179) This meant that Jefferson, always distrusting of big government and in line with his belief in states rights, proclaimed that the federal government had no legal power in enforcing the Alien and Sedition Acts as well as the fact that such restrictions on human freedom was in express contradiction to the Constitution and the ideals in which the American Revolution was fought in the first place.Everyone who had been locked up or fined under the Alien and Sedition Act was either set free or reimbursed by the federal government along with written apologies when Thomas Jefferson took over as President in March of 1801. The feud between Jefferson and Adams, made even larger by the ugliness of the 1800 Presidential election, lasted until 1812, when both were out of public office. Jefferson started a correspondence with Adams in what would become one of the most poignant and spirit filled pieces of American literature. They both reminisced about their time together, hoping that this experiment in human democracy called the United States was actually going to work or not. Apologies were not given but rather regret that so much time has been lost to two people that were so important to the nation as well as to each other, were expressed in the correspondence.And what has to be one of the greatest coincidences in American history, two giants of American freedom who did not always lend oneself what they preached Adams enforcement of the Alien and Sedition Acts, and Jefferson personally owning more than 200 slaves for most of his lifetime, but still responsible for the expansion of human rights in Ameri ca, died on the 50th anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence. Each died while saying that the other still lives. They were both right in that respect.

What do you find most effective in Hardys technique Essay Example for Free

What do you find most effective in Hardys technique EssayWhat do you find most effective in Hardys technique as a writer of short stories featuring the supernatural? Give consideration to his portrayal of character and his drug abuse of narrative development. By Zahrah Macci Throughout literature history writers squander made use of peoples fascination with the macabre. Hardy like gentlemany other prissy writers enjoyed opus short stories which have a lot to do with his fascination with the supernatural. He was an eminent writer who wrote in different types of genres. Two of the famous novels written by Hardy argon The Return of the Native and Jude the Obscure. The word supernatural is defined as things that can non be explained according to natural laws the Withered Arm is full of obscure events such as Rhodas imagination and Conjurer Trendles way of intuiting that Gertrudes ailment was the hold out of an enemy. The withered sleeve like many of Hardys stories has an une xpected ending mainly over cod to complex relationships between the main characters.Hardy tries to convey the idea of Wessex as a historical landscape by using personification and thereby canvass things to the human anatomy. For example Rhodas cottage which has channels of depressions which are resonating of the skin of an aged person. The simile the thatch preceding(prenominal) a r aft(prenominal) showed like a bone protruding through the skin gives the video the rafter is rather like a human existence. Egdon Heath is a brooding and mysterious assign it has an un-hospitable landscape, very few people choose to live there.The dark countenence of Egdon heath seems to look down on the main characters. Although many would describe Casterbridge as an savant city it is the exact antithesis of what we would expect from a so-called civilised place, where hanging is a form of entertainment. It is every bit as barbaric as the former(a) fashioned and superstitious country side. In a good short story there is usually one narrative thread and a center on 2 or 3 main characters and themes. The three main characters in The Withered Arm are granger fiat, Rhoda Brook and Gertrude Lodge.There are complicated love affairs which lead to retribution. Hardy introduces protagonists through the conversations of pirifial characters. He also tries to raise some questions in the lecturers mind as to what will dislodge next. Hardy presents Rhoda Brook as a woman who was once beautiful but has aged prematurely. The milkmaids with whom she worked with made her feel ostracised. She was a social pariah due to her illicit liaison with Farmer Lodge twelve years previously which caused her to become pregnant and have an illegitimate son.Her home was apart from the other milkmaids, it was above the water meads. Rhodas incipient jealousy manifests itself when she asks her son to spy on his step-mother so she can compare herself to her she wanted him to report back to her to the hi ghest degree his step-mothers deminior. Gertrude Lodge is a complex character with facets to her personality which transpire as the story progresses. Hardy uses a number of techniques to convey her character. He uses the gossip and rumours spread by the small fry characters.From the conversations of the milkmaids we find that Gertrude Lodge is a rosy cheeked, girl with a tisty tosty little body. Gertrude is years unripeer than farmer Lodge. There are passages of conventional character comment of her external appearance, her face too was fresh in colour, soft and evanescent. Hardy employs the narrative device of Rhodas son as a spy to convey more than information about her he reports to his mother about his impression of Gertrude, his description of her suggests she is a lady complete with lightish hair and a face which is as proper as a live dolls.Hardy emphasizes the way Gertrude has a personal impact on other major characters, she has a deep impact on Rhoda when they first me et, she made a favourable impression and Rhoda reproached herself for ever being malevolently jealous in the first place. Gertrudes own actions imply much about her personality at the beginning of the story. She is philanthropic in her attitude towards the poor. She gives things away she even gave Rhodas son better boots. There are also direct auctorial comments which leave us in no doubt as to Gertrudes virtues. Hardy describes her as an innocent young thing who, was so indescribably sweet.Therefore, the initial impression we have as a combination of all these techniques is of an innocent, virtuous young women who is the victim of Rhodas jealousy. However Gertrudes character changes significantly as the affliction on her arm deteriorates. Consequently she becomes involved with the world of superstition and witchcraft. The condition of her had bought up question marks on her marriage to farmer lodge especially when she suggests her husband could have struck her there which demonstra tes an element of physical abuse Gertrude receives from farmer Lodge.After visiting Conjuror Trendle with Rhoda she had began using wizardry hoping it would cure her arm after having visited the necromancer for a second time he told her a remedy which was infallible he said she must touch with the limb the neck of a man whos been hanged, as it will turn the blood and change the record because of this Gertrudes character changes incredibly as she begins to pray for no reprieve which shows how evil she has become. Conjurer Trendle, other kindle character created by Hardy, lives alone, well away from society in general.His house is five miles away from Holmstoke and it is in the heart of Egdon heath he is reputed to be able to cure illnesses that are the work of the devil. He is described as an exorcist who has infallible powers. The atmosphere in the location where he lives is sinister. Egdon Heath is reminiscent to the heath in king Lear with its associations with insanity thick clouds made the atmosphere dark though it was as yet only early afternoon. The conjurer does not like his business to be well known or given any kind of publicity.He did not profess his remedial practices openly after he had cured something he would always say perhaps its just chance. He diagnoses a living by selling local products his direct interests being those of a dealer in furze, turf, sharp sand he can deal with ailments that are beyond the reach of ordinary medicine, he has the power to make watts miraculously disappear he does not accept any financial remuneration. He has a distinctive appearance, he is a grey bearded man, with a reddish face as soon as he examines Gertrude there is a suggestion of his paranormal powers, and he is able to tell immediately it was the work of an enemy.The intensification of Rhodas jealousy of her rival in love culminates into a night-marish vision. Rhodas dream occurred a fortnight after Gertrudes return with farmer lodge. She went to bed w ith a picture of Gertrude in her head. She had a vision of her enemy, it was so vivid she was unsure weather it was real or a dream. She saw Gertrude holding her left hand out mockingly to show Rhoda her wedding ring to make her feel jealous. Gertrudes face changed dramatically. Her features were shocking, distorted and wrinkled by age she was sitting upon Rhodas chest as if she was trying to choke her.Rhoda then swung out her right hand and threw the figure of her by grasping the left arm and whirled it backward to the floor Gertrude also had a night marish vision at the same time as Rhodas. As a result of this vision the discolouration on Gertrudes arm had appeared it corresponded exactly to what Rhodas hand would look like. At this point hardy creates a sense of ambiguity in that the reader is not sure as to whether or not Rhodas vision was real or a dream. At the end of the story hardy brings together the three main characters in a tragic denouement. Attentive readers would rea lise Gertrude turns into a pitiful person.As anticipated there is a twist in the tale, the victim of the execution is Rhodas son, which creates a tragedy for the three main characters. Rhoda cursed Gertrude after see her near the corps of Rhodas son she said this is the meaning of what Satan showed me in the vision You are like her at last Gertrude did not know the individualism of the victim this was partly because she had not attended the execution, the shock of touching the corps turned her blood but it affected her so profoundly, it was too much for her constitution to take, Gertrude unfortunately passed away 3 days later due to the previous events.All the lives of the main characters were blighted because of their belief of superstition. After the hanging farmer Lodge becomes a benefactor to young boys such as his son by giving up the farms in Holmstoke and selling it. The money gained he left for young boys and Rhoda however Rhoda did not accept the money. According to some people Hardy is the master of short stories. Most of these short stories have a focus on one main narrative thread. The Withered Arm is mainly about Gertrude Lodge and when she became involved with the supernatural. The three main characters in the Withered Arm are, Farmer Lodge, Gertrude Lodge and Rhoda Brooks.Short stories have limited amounts of characters as this builds up to the unexpected endings. Hardy uses various techniques to arouse the readers sense of intrigue and thereby compel the reader to its natural conclusion. At the time the Withered Arm was written, women in this rural society were either tied to the land like Rhoda or to their husbands like Gertrude. Furthermore, women had relatively few rights of property and movement and therefore enjoyed rather little freedom. The story reveals the life, beliefs and values of a countryside community.In Hardys time there was no access to the juvenile media which resulted to oral tradition which was the art of story telling. Stories which include supernatural tales, such as this one were popular with the reading public in late Victorian Britain. Personally I enjoyed reading the Withered Arm mainly because of the situation of Rhoda Brooks which grabs attention due to her illegitimate son. I particularly found it interesting because of Gertrudes beliefs in the supernatural. I thought it was worth reading to the end of the story.

Mergers and Acquisitions | Literature Review

Mergers and Acquisitions Literature ReviewHaving read and analysed the various writings easy on the topic of fusions and acquisitions it is clear at that place atomic number 18 numerous conclusions and views on the bulky term transaction of both the level and acquirer post coup.The offset printing article I conduct analysed is Andrade, Mitchell and Staffords New evidence and perspectives on coalitions which gives a common overview of conjugations and how the pattern has changed over the prospicient time. The 1960s seen a large scrap of deals relation back to the number of publicly available rates, wherefore the proportion of deals to betokens was large even if the actual number wasnt as big as in the succeeding years. The eighties wherefore led to more(prenominal) important levels of takeovers with multi-million pound deals taking place. Around this time almost half of every(prenominal) major US companies received a tender offer. Now at present day and from the 1990s we have seen a combination of the prior 30 years trends, with a large number of large value mergers taking place. 1The next part of this journal then looks at the winners and fall awayrs in a merger deal both in the farseeing and bypass term. In both cases the average subnormal rakehell foodstuff return is used to measure value creation or destruction. In the shortly term the stock wrongs quickly adjust sp be-time activity a merger announcement and the effect of the merger should be in integratedd into the stock price by the time the merger is correct. The choice of event window then determines whether it is a short or recollective term mull, with short term being the 3 days surrounding the merger ( i.e. one day any face and the day itself). A longer window would be several days earlier merger ending at the completion the performance would then be looked at in the longer period after this window.The overall progenys from merger bodily function shows tha t target shargonholders atomic number 18 clearly the winners in merger transactions, with research from this cover highlighting the 3-day abnormal return for targets to be 16% with this figure rising to 24% in longer windows. However the evidence for getting smasheds is non so easily analysed, with the average common chord day abnormal return being highlighted in the paper as being -0.7% and -3.8% over the longer window. However the difficulty comes when analysing these results as although the estimates atomic number 18 negative they atomic number 18 not reliably so as these figures allow include the costs of making the bid and financing the takeover. Therefore it is unreliable to say that acquirers argon losers in mergers, but it can be seen that they are not big winners in the same way as targets. 2To summ rise this it can be seen that mergers take care to be value creating for shareholders overall, but the target achieves all of the merger gains around the announcement . It has too been argued that getting firms in many instances have come close to matching these transactions in the opposite direction heretofore this is not always the case.The final section of Andrade, Mitchell and Staffords paper focuses on long term event studies and the long term abnormal returns which go with it. The paper mentions that slightly recent long term event studies measure the negative abnormal returns in the few years following a merger and obtain some(prenominal) interesting results. They aver that some investors fail to the right way notice the full effects of collective announcements and as a result this casts doubt on our previous findings in relation to the announcement-period event window. This is then out of line with the Efficient Market Hypothesis where the commercialize will respond quickly and goodly to mod cultivation. Other literature mentions that there is the potential in the long term for both over and under action to information and this is something we will analyse in more depth later.Alan Gregorys 2005 journal entitled The Long Run Abnormal Performance of UK Acquirers and the Free Cash Flow Hypothesis mentions a potential drawback of long term event studies. He argues that if long term judge returns are only estimates of the true vale then as a result it follows that the long term abnormal returns will be incorrect. However this problem is seen to be less strong in short window event studies as the returns are seen to be accurate and therefore more reliable. The Andrade, Mitchell and Stafford journal gives a general overview of the topic of mergers, both in the past and present situation. Having established a general understanding I then looked at more precise literature which discusses certain aspects including the post merger performance of both acquiring and target firms. The conclusions gained will ultimately form the rear end of my empirical investigation.The majority of texts I have researched base t heir results on the post takeover performance of the bidder, while some texts also look at the performance of the merged firm after the takeover. The most common conclusion from the various available texts on mergers is that in the short term target shareholders gain and bidders do not lose. However in the long term it is seen that many firms association abnormal performance in the few years following a merger. One of the most commonly referred to journals based on this conclusion is by Jensen and Ruback and is called The Market for Corporate Control. It was one of the eldest pieces of literature to acknowledge on the effects of corporate takeovers on shareholders and is therefore commonly used as a basis in later reviews as well as the Hubris Hypothesis which will be discussed later. The results from their analysis based on US companies are that mergers create positive gains, target shareholders hit and the offer firm shareholders do not lose. 3However conclusions make later s uggested there were still many controversial issues to be resolved regarding corporate control, for example all the findings in this research turn over to positive results on shareholders however this whitethorn be as it is difficult to find actions made by managers which would actually harm shareholders. 4The paper also comments that the long run post merger performance is a problem area as it yields results contrary to trade efficiency, and in most texts this is described as a market anomaly. It is express in the journal that negative abnormal returns suggest that deviations in the stock price are related to the overestimation of future gains from mergers. Although there has been a lot of research into the market for corporate control, there is still a lot more to be done in this area and Jensen and Rubackss forms the basis for future analysis.Firstly in Shareholder wealth effects of corporate takeovers by J.R Franks and R.S Harris they come to the same conclusion that targets benefit and bidders do not lose in relation to UK companies after basing their investigation on the results of Jensen and Ruback (1983) which came to this conclusions after using a data set of US companies. A puny number of write document imbed differing results at this time, namely Firths articles in 1979 and 19805 which anchor that in the UK targets gain and bidders lose and in 1977 Franks, Broyles and Hecht6 find that both parties gain. Franks and Harris found that a drawback of these results like many other studies was that either the seek size was too small or the sample was taken over too short a period. To combat this they made sure their sample was taken over a 30 year period from 1955-1985 and that it was a comprehensive interpret of a large number of companies knotted in UK takeovers. The conclusion reached was that most mergers are value creating for shareholders, with the target achieving most of the gains and the bidder either breaks even or makes small gains. Th is was found by analysing the equity market price in the event window around the merger date. Franks and Harris however did find a potential problem relating to post merger performance as it is dependent on the benchmark returns against which bidders are evaluated however this may lead to analysts finding false results depending on the timing of the merger. For example if a bidder times the merger event to coincide with a time were their own stock is doing well then it may produce false results as the good performance of this stock would cancel out and give an overall good performance no matter what.7 Franks and Harris measure abnormal returns using three varying methods for the 24 months following the unconditional date. These are namely using a market alpha and beta combination, using a market model and using the CAPM asset determine model. This can clearly be seen from circumvent 10 (page 245) in the journal and this should be looked at as an area which may require further res earch. finally comparisons between the UK examination by Franks and Harris and Jensen and Rubacks US equivalent come to two main conclusions. Firstly target wealth gains in both the UK and US have growingd since 1968, as a result of bidder wealth effects and secondly after the form of the original offer is controlled, targets gains are similar for both the UK and US. This may suggest that the wealth effects of takeover are comparable in the two countries. 8One of the most widely recognised pieces of writing relating to corporate takeovers is by Richard Roll in 1986 and is entitled The Hubris Hypothesis of Corporate Takeovers. This journal was written in order to gain a different view to previously written articles and ultimately to disprove Jensen and Rubacks summary in their 1983 investigation on the market for corporate control. In Jensen and Rubacks conclusion they stated that corporate takeovers generate positive gains, and that the target benefits and bidders do not lose.9 Th is result fits in with most other research on corporate takeovers however Roll manages to give a different side to the argument by firstly looking at takeovers in general. He states that there are no gains from takeovers, however some bidders believe there are and such bidders are said to be infected by Hubris. This ultimately led to managers making poor decisions. Going back to the actual bid itself, the first step of a takeover is for the bidding firm to identify a potential target and value that target. This value is then compared to the current market price and if the value is greater than the price the bid is made and becomes public, otherwise the bid is abandoned. Roll comes to the conclusion that Decision makers in acquiring firms pay too frequently for their targets on average. 10The Hubris Hypothesis also predicts that around a takeover the combined value of the target and bidder firms should slightly fall, and individually the bidding firm value should decrease, whilst th e target value should increase. It is also stated that the overall gain to mergers, excluding costs is zero. Something which makes little sense as it would obviously seem to discourage takeovers. It should also be famous that the Hubris Hypothesis is consistent with semi-strong market efficiency.11 many a(prenominal) academics believe that the Hubris Hypothesis is one of the most important pieces of writing in relation to takeovers. They say that if there really are no gains from takeovers then the Hubris Hypothesis is important in order to apologize why the managers would not abandon such bids. The theory finds some problems when interpreting the bidding firms returns as a bid can obviously be anticipated and therefore at announcement the return value does not give an unaccompanied true value as it is anticipated.There are also however a few arguments against the use of the Hubris Hypothesis and its results. Firstly it has been suggested that Rolls guess implies that managers a ct against shareholders interests. This is suggested in several recent papers and the conclusion reached is that the evidence is consistent with conscious management actions against the best interests of shareholders12. However the Hubris dead reckoning on the other hand doesnt believe on this result and states that it is sufficient evidence that managers act against shareholder interests when they issue bids based upon false valuations of the target firm. Another argument against Hubris is that it is said to imply inefficiency in the market for corporate control. However if all takeovers were to be prompted by Hubris as has been suggested then shareholders could stop the practice by stopping managers to make bids. Therefore since this is not the case then Hubris alone cannot explain the takeover phenomenon. Overall there are many arguments both for and against Richard Rolls Hubris Hypothesis however most of the arguments against fail to be fully congested and as a result the Hub ris Hypothesis remains as one of the most important pieces of literature on the subject of corporate takeovers.In 1974 a pioneering study taken by Gershon Mandelker in his journal entitled Risk and Return The case of concourse firms found that there were gains from takeovers and found results were consistent with two hypotheses. Namely, the perfectly competitive acquisitions market (PCAM) and the in effect(p) capital market hypotheses13. His study examines the market for takeovers and analyses the impact that mergers have on the returns of the shareholders involved. Previous studies state that acquiring firm shareholders wee abnormal returns following a merger and some of which actually state that most mergers tend to be unsuccessful. This relates to a study by Hogarty14 who stated that mergers actually have a negative effect on the merged firm value. However based on this assumption it would seem odd that firms would enter into mergers, though Hogarty states that this is because mergers suit happen taking managers and although the majority of these takeovers lead to losses for the acquiring firm, a small portion lead to laughable profits which is why they are still so common. There are however certain problems which exist in these previously warrantn studies. The majority of which use small samples which can lead to biased or untrue results, and the second problem is that the studies tend to use primitive models which fail to take into consideration any risk or changes in risk. As a result this provided the motivation of Mandelkers study as he tried to include these factors and come to a new conclusion.The dominion aim of Mandelkers study was therefore to investigate the acquisitions market using empirical methods to examine the returns of both the acquired and acquiring firm shareholders. In order to do this the seed tested two main assumptions. Firstly he analysed the perfectly competitive acquisitions market hypothesis which based its testing on pr evious literature which stated that acquiring firm shareholders gain abnormal returns following a takeover. However the problem with this result was that it lacked significant empirical support, in fact in a majority of previous studies it was actually found that the acquiring shareholders experienced negative abnormal returns following a merger. These findings therefore fit in with the hypothesis that acquiring firms operate in a perfectly competitive market. Even though it is found that the acquirers experience negative abnormal returns following a merger there is no evidence that they overpay and therefore they do not lose from mergers. In relation to the acquired firm shareholders it is found that they achieve most of the gains from takeovers and therefore in relation to the perfectly competitive acquisitions market Mandelker finds that there are zero gains achieved by the bidding firm shareholders and that the target firm shareholders obtain the gains from the takeover before the firm disappears.The second hypothesis tested was the Efficient Stock Market hypothesis. Mandelker investigates how the stock market reacts to the announcement of takeover information, with many previous hypotheses stating that the stock market fails to properly react to the announcement of merger information. However in his study Mandelker finds results which are consistent with the Efficient Market Hypotheses and therefore stock prices of the involved firm at the time of merger already reflect all available information. Therefore as a result it is impossible to earn abnormal returns at one time a takeover becomes public as the stock price will have reacted immediately. Overall Mandelker finds that the acquiring firm shareholders earn normal returns following a merger and that any gains from mergers are entirely of the acquired firm shareholders.Another key piece of literature I have summarised is Dodd and Rubacks Tender offers and shareholder returns. This journal looks at the stock market reaction to both successful and unsuccessful tender offers. The findings show that bidding shareholders earn significant positive abnormal returns in the cardinal months prior to takeover, whereas only successful bidders earn significant positive abnormal returns in the month of the offer. The main section of the paper is based on these results and the paper investigates two alternative hypotheses, namely the positive and zero impact hypotheses. Firstly we look at the positive impact hypothesis, where it is stated that the announcement of a merger will lead to positive information about the two involved firms and as a result will cause the stock prices of these firms to rise. There are many reasons for a positive impact and the main reasons are firstly increased market power. Empirically Dodd and Ruback find that for successful bids the target and/or the bidder benefit from the takeover, however with regards to unsuccessful bids neither the bidder nor target will gain from the process. A problem with unsuccessful bids is that they cost both the bidder and target during the process of the bid and this is why they can experience negative abnormal returns. An alternative hypothesis is that the gains arising from takeovers can be attributed to the increased product efficiency which is namely synergy. Therefore the synergy hypothesis states that the combined value of the merged firm will increase as a result of the merger. This will therefore again yield positive abnormal returns for a successful takeover and either zero or negative abnormal returns for an unsuccessful takeover. As a result of this it can be seen that the noncompetitive market power and synergy hypothesis are very similar and carry similar results. Finally the third hypothesis is the internal efficiency hypothesis. It states that the target was underperforming as a result of poor management of assets and also states that this is something the bidder feels can be rectified. Therefore it is believed that a takeover can be used to arena inept management. As a result an announcement would be seen as positive news by target as it is stated that shareholder wealth will increase with removal of inefficiencies. However the impact on the bidding firm depends on whether the bid is successful or not. Successful bidders will experience positive abnormal returns following the takeover however unsuccessful bidders will experience zero abnormal returns following the bid.Secondly, we analyse the zero impact hypothesis which states that corporate takeovers have no impact on the value of firms involved. This therefore implies that there are no net gains as a result of merging with another firm. The empirical implications of this are that in successful tender offers the shareholders of both the bidder and target earn normal returns. However Mandelker, as we have just mentioned, disagrees with this arguing and states that acquired firms are seen to have positive returns for the twelve months before and 85% of gains occur in the five months post merger. Earlier studies report that stockholders involved in completed mergers earn abnormal returns before the date of merger. However these studies dont look at the first public announcement of the acquisition therefore we cant determine whether gains discovered before the acquisition date reflect the market reaction to announcement of acquisition or to prior good performance unrelated to the merger. Therefore Dodd and Ruback impound the market reaction to the announcement of the takeover in order to gain a true conclusion of shareholder performance. It is seen from calculations in the journal that in the month of announcement target shareholders earn large and significant returns of 20.58% for successful offers and 18.96% for unsuccessful offers. Whereas successful bidding shareholders also earn positive abnormal returns however these are a lot smaller (2.83%), and unsuccessful bidders earn normal returns. It should be noted that Dodd and Ruback find that if a firm experiences abnormal returns in the month of the announcement that both the positive and zero impact hypotheses can be rejected.Therefore in conclusion to the above Dodd and Rubacks paper had a big impact on the information available on mergers as they were one of the first academics to assess the market reaction to unsuccessful takeover attempts. Finding that stockholders of unsuccessful bidding firms earn normal returns following the bid and that unsuccessful targets earn significant abnormal returns in the month following the bid. From all the analysis it can be found that the primary motive for takeovers is the removal of inefficiencies, with the target seen to become more efficient as a result of both a successful and unsuccessful bids. These results are actually similar to those experienced by Mandelker as most of the takeover gains accrue to the target shareholders.The journal I have looked at next is Healy and Palepus, Does corporate performance improve after mergers? and analyses the corporate performance of the merged firm post takeover. This article looks at the post merger performance for the fifty largest US mergers between 1979 and 1984. The academics motivation in producing the journal as they have was the inability of previous stock price performance studies to determine exactly whether takeovers create sparing gains and if they do what is the cause of such gains. The findings show that merged firms show improved cash strike returns post merger and they are seen to be generated by an increase in asset productivity in their relative industries as a result of the combined firms size. It should also be noted that the improvements in cash flow immediately following the merger are not at the expense of long term performance, as the firms will maintain both capital pulmonary tuberculosis and RD rates relative to their industries post merger. The final conclusion that Healy and Palepu draw is that there is evidence of a strong positive relationship between the post merger increase in cash flows and the abnormal returns at the merger announcement. Overall then Healy, Palepu and Ruback find in their investigation that merged firms overall have shown significant improvements in cash flow returns following merger. It should also be noted that improved performance is strong for firms in highly overlapping business.Some pieces of literature analyse the long term performances of both the acquiring and bidding shareholders in the years following the merger. One such example is Agrawal, Jaffe and Mandelkers 1992 article entitled The send Merger performance of acquiring firms A Re-examination of an Anomaly. They comment that existing articles on the post-merger performance of acquiring firms give conflicting opinions and therefore their motivation is to come to a definitive conclusion on what actually happens. They state that although not all previous literature has resulted in post-merger underperformance this could be attributed to biased results through firms not properly adjusting for size or shifts in beta. There are many implications in relation to consistent post-merger underperformance with the main implications being the following firstly poor performance following a merger is not consistent with the Efficient Market Hypothesis and would suggest that the market is failing to fully react to the merger announcement. This then leads to a problem regarding the second implication which finds that in majority or literature regarding post-merger performance finds that performance is based on the key assumption of an efficient market, which as we have just found is not entirely true. The implication is more in line and suggests that poor post-merger performance fits in with other information which suggests poor economic performance following a merger, with Caves et al being cited as a key writer on this subject.This therefore provides the motivation for A grawal, Jaffe and Mandelker to undertake a thorough analysis of the post-merger performance of acquiring firms using a near exhaustive sample of mergers between targets in the period of 1955 to 1987. The results of this indicate that acquiring stockholders experience a loss of around 10% over the five years following the merger, and this leads Agrawal, Jaffe and Mandelker to analyse the reasons for this. One possible explanation may be that the market is slow to react to the merger and therefore takes a longer time for the impact of the merger to set in, i.e. the loss in shareholder value. This therefore provides the question as to whether this result is time specific and in order to evaluate this Agrawal, Jaffe and Mandelker analyse the post-merger performance of acquiring firms over the last 3 decades. The results of table 2 in the journal show that the anomaly does not change over time and as a result does not appear to be time specific. Therefore this does not support the view t hat negative abnormal performance is a result of market inefficiency.In order to try to explain the post-merger performance the academics drew up two hypotheses to obtain a conclusion. Firstly, the market adjusts fully to the announcement of a takeover and any underperformance is due to other factors. And secondly, the market may be slow to react to any takeover information and therefore any post-takeover underperformance is reflected in the negative NPV, therefore market inefficiency is present. The alternative hypotheses are then tested by regressions of the post-merger abnormal returns and the announcement period abnormal returns. From this it is seen that there is a significant negative relationship over the full sample and as a result it can be seen that the post-merger returns and announcement period returns are both related.Therefore in conclusion to all of this analysis Agrawal et al find that acquiring shareholders experience negative abnormal returns in the 5 years followi ng a merger. It is also clearly seen that the market has failed to become more efficient over time as the anomaly holds for all of the previous 3 decades apart from the 1970s. Overall it is found that the results are not consistent with the hypothesis that suggests the poor performance is attributed to slow reaction to information. To conclude Agrawal, Jaffe and Mandelker find that the efficient market anomaly of negative post-merger performance is not resolved. Eugene Fama made key arguments when he introduced the Bad Model Problem in his 1998 journal Market Efficiency, long-term returns, and behavioural finance. In this journal Fama states that we should not abandon market efficiency as he argues that long term return anomalies are basically only chance results, with overreaction of stock prices just as common as under reaction. In the article he states, Most important, the long-term return anomalies are fragile. They tend to disappear with reasonable changes in the way they are m easured. Basically Fama says that the anomalies are either chance results or results of a bad model. However following this argument it is difficult to decide how to interpret post-takeover performance. This is a confusing area and one which yields differing results. Many of the previous long term event studies seem to suggest market efficiency, especially under and overreaction to information. This therefore poses the question as to whether market efficiency should be discarded, with Famas response being a definitive no. The reasoning behind this is that an efficient market generates events which seem to suggest an over-reaction in prices following an announcement. However, in an efficient market over and under-reaction are both equally likely. Therefore if the aforementioned anomalies are shared randomly amongst the two then it is consistent with market efficiency. depth psychology of previous studies suggests this to be the case. It has also been suggested that these anomalies ar e sensitive to the methodology selected and can vary or even disappear when a different model of expected returns is employed. Overall, with regards over and under-reaction, long-term return literature does not highlight one or the other to be more dominant. Thus a random crack up is always likely and as such market efficiency is maintained.With regards the methodology employed, Fama argues against the use of the buy and hold abnormal return (BHAR) as the systematic errors that arise with imperfect expected return proxies (the bad model problem) are compounded with long horizon returns. He also states that the use of methodology that ignores cross sectioned dependence of event firm abnormal returns that are overlapping in calendar time is likely to produce overstated test-statistics. Fama then goes on to support the use of a monthly calendar time approach to measure abnormal returns in the long term. The reasoning given is that the use of monthly returns makes the study less affect ed by the bad model problem. Also, forming calendar time portfolios ensures that the cross correlation of event firm abnormal returns are taken as part of the portfolio variance. Despite Famas preference of the calendar time approach, Lyon, Barber and Tsai (1999) and Loughran and Ritter (1999) prefer the BHAR approach as it accurately represents investor experience.Another study which analyses both the bidders and acquirers post takeover performance is Glamour, value and post-acquisition performance of acquiring firms by Rau and Vermaelen, which uses a long horizon event study to analyse the shareholder performance in the three years following a merger. They find that bidders in mergers underperform, while bidders in tender offers over perform post merger. The main motivation in childbed this study is to try gain a definite conclusion on the long run performance of bidders in both mergers and tender offers. This is done by looking mainly at bidders underperformance in the long run following a merger, and also what causes underperformance, if any. The paper compares results from the study by Jensen and Ruback (1983) which analyses six studies examining bidders returns in the year following a takeover. This study finds that following a tender offer bidders earn positive abnormal returns, whereas bidders underperform post merger. From the acquirers point of view Rau and Vermaelen find that acquirers in tender offers earn small but statistically significant positive abnormal returns, however the long term underperformance of acquiring firms in mergers is not uniform across all firms. These findings go on to help support the hypothesis that the market overexpolates the past performance of the bidder and therefore as a result the market, management and shareholders overestimate a glamour bidders (bidder with good past performance) ability to do such a good job in managing similar companies. In a similar way the market seems to be pessimistic regarding a value bidde rs potential to manage other companies. (where a value firm is a firm with poor past performance). However value firms bidders are not affected by hubris in the same way as glamour firms, and therefore as a result are likely to be thoroughly scrutinised by directors and majority shareholders before a transaction is initiated. The biggest problem is that is appears the market fails to work that past performance is not a good indicator of future performance.To conclude this paper helps to add to a large sample of evidence suggesting that short term event studies fail to fully capture the market reaction to an event. Therefore it is suggested that future studies must try to explain why markets tend to react sluggishly to corporate finance and strategic decisions.Analysis of post takeover performance has be

The Role Of Media In Peace Building

The Role Of Media In Peace BuildingHistory has shown that the media can incite people toward violence. Hitler used the media to give rise an entire realityview of hatred for Jews, homosexuals, and other minority groups. Rwandas radio RTLM urged listeners to pick up machetes and take to the streets to kill what they called the cockroaches. Broadcasters in the Balkans polarized local communities to the point where violence became an fancyable animate being for addressing grievances. The medias impact on the escalation of contravention is to a greater extent widely recognized than the medias impact on field pansy-building. Yet it is not uncommon to hear experts pronounce that the medias impact on peace-building must be significant given its powerful impact on date. However, this simple relationship must not be taken for granted and should be critically examined in beau monde to most effectively use the media for conflict prevention and peace-building (Wolfsfeld, 2004, p.15)In th e last six decades, the influence of the media in the international heavens has increasingly been recognized, especially its power to either exasperate or contain potential conflicts. Indeed it is worth noting that among the defendants during the Nuremburg trials which were constituted by the allied forces following the turn thumbs down of the Ger many a(prenominal) and her allies immediately afterward the second world war was one Julius Streicher who although never held any official position within the Nazi party hierarchy, was considered to be among the top individuals who bore the greatest responsibility for the holocaust that killed more than six million Jews (Nuremburg trial papers). For close to twenty five years, Streicher had educated the Germany people in hatred and incited them to the persecution and the extermination of the Jewish race. The propaganda which Streicher carried for close to twenty five years was chiefly done through the medium of his newspaper as the ed itor of the Der Stuemer and subsequent some(prenominal) other provincial journals (May 24 1934 issue).As early as the 17th century, Edmund murder had coined the term the fourth estate, to demonstrate the growing power of the media in periods when power and influence was concentrated in hands of only three classes of association (Calyle, p 392).). Although it is still debatable as who was the first to use the word, Burke is said to have remarked that there were estates in Parliament, notwithstanding in the reporters gallery yonder, there sat the fourth estate more important than four than they all. He was making reference to the traditional three estates of Parliament The Lords spiritual, the Lords temporal and the Commons (Schultz, p.4).In the last 50 years the media influence has grown exponentially with the bring forward of technology, first there was the telegraph, then the radio, the newspaper, magazines, television and now the internet. Many people be today fully depende nt on the instruction and communication to pass off moving in the right direction and their day-by-day activities interchangeable work, entertainment, healthcare, education, personal relationships, traveling are greatly controlled by what they read, hear and see. New communications technologies such as mobile/video phones and laptop computers are allowing diarists to gather and disseminate information with ease from many parts of the world. The digitization of the news industry, which has led to a compression of time and space, means we see news images of demonstrations, riots or coups within minutes of these occurring in the streets.These images not only inform global audiences, but whitethorn instigate shape up campaigns of violence at home. Commercial realities of news conclave have in addition affected the reporting of conflicts. The higher cost of news gathering in remote regions, coupled with the geopolitical and scotch priorities of the West, mean that conflicts occ urring at close proximity to the metropolitan centers receive coverage at the expense of those occurring further away in slight developed regions of the world. A study of conflict reporting in the worlds major news turn outlets in 2000 shows that the Israel Palestine conflict was by far the most covered five times greater than the next most covered conflict (Hawkins, 2002) . Virgil Hawkins, the queryer who conducted the study, notesBy contrast, conflict in Africa, which has been, in the post-Cold-War world, is answerable for up to 90 percentage of the worlds total war dead suffered an almost complete media blackout. Coverage of the massive war in the Democratic res habituala of the Congo (DRC), which caused in excess of one million deaths in the year 2000, was almost insignificant (p. 231).With the worldwide news agenda controlled by the worlds major media giants, it has buy the farm crucial to develop and build up media at the local level to maintain diversity of thoug ht. As media in many developing nations, such as Kenya, chance upon away from state control towards private enterprise, it is essential for local media to find their own voice and professional codes. A substantially developed media system with professionally trained journalists usually benefits twain global and local audiences and provides a vital link to the outside world during conflict situations. The media is a double-edged sword. It can be a frightful weapon of violence when it propagates messages of intolerance or disinformation that manipulate public sentiment but there is another aspect to the media, it can be an musical instrument of conflict resolution, when the information it presents is reliable, respects gracious rights, and represents diverse views. It is the kind of media that enables a confederacy to make for well-informed choices, which is the precursor of democratic governance. It is a media that reduces conflict and fosters human security (BBC policy briefi ng). Today, in each part of the world reliable, accurate and objective media, whether be it mainstream, alternative or traditional/non-conventional, can both help to prevent and resolve conflict through the automatonlike functions of responsibly disseminating information, furthering awareness and knowledge, promoting participatory and transparent governance, and addressing perceived grievances. In the same vein, inadvertently or overtly propagandistic media whitethorn equally fuel tensions and exacerbate conflicts, which in extreme fountains like in Rwanda may directly result in racial extermination (Thomson, 1998).1.1 Background of the StudyTo argue that media does make a difference means rejecting the view that media are no more than mirrors of something else -consumer choices elite interests, or reality itself (as in the positivist assertions by some journalists that they simply report the way it is). It is a commonplace to suggest that media provide their audiences with a map of the social and political world beyond their own immediate experience. From this observation approximately contemporary multifactorial society, flow other notions of media power agenda setting (media capacity to focus public attention on some events and issues, and away from others) the spiral of silence (the withering of issues and perspectives ignored by media) priming (media faculty to influence citizens criteria of political evaluation) cultivation (the gradual adoption of beliefs about the social world that correspond to televisions selective picture of the world), framing, and the ideological effect (the production of meaning in the service of domination) (Hackett Carroll, 2006, p.30-31).A less frequently considered but equally pertinent dimension of media influence is their relationship with anti-war movements. Within reasonably democratic states, and in the absence of elite discord, such movements may be the most important buffer within civil society against war. The movement/media relationship is asymmetrical movements need media (to mobilize support, validate their political existence, and perpetrate new supporters) far more than vice versa (Gamson Wolfsfeld 1993). Media play contradictory but important mathematical functions at every stage of their trajectory their emergence, organizational self-maintenance, and success when political and foreign policy elites are united around a war policy, dominant media are likely to trivialize or demonize anti-war dissent (Gitlin 1980 Hackett 1991). In the context specifically of war, some scholars see an intensification of media agenda-setting with the advent of real-time, 24-hour, globally distributed television news -most iconically Bernard Shaws and Peter Arnetts reporting for Cable News Network (CNN) from Baghdad during the 1991 disjuncture War. The so-called CNN effect allegedly highlights political uncertainty and incompetence, accelerates the pace at which politicians must respond to crises, and creates expectations and emotions that may force governments, against their initial inclinations, to intervene (or disengage) in conflict situations. The American humanitarian intervention in Somalia is often cited as an example (Spencer, 2005, p.24-38).According to Arnold (2005), the mass media holdd immensely to the propagation of US foreign policy agenda, couching violet military actions in terms of humanitarian interventions undertaken to promote global freedom and democracy. This gave the US foreign policy the media attention cycle as there was challenger among worldwide television and radio networks such as BBC, CNN, FOX TV and Channel 4 as who gets the right information first. This therefore, created huge demand for western sandwich media even in non-western countries.In Africa, several efforts have been made to use the mass media to promote peace. For example, Radio for Peace-Building Africa (RFPA) is a program founded in 2003 by the international non-profit organizat ion Search for Common Ground. The following are the countries in which RFPA is operated Burundi, Central African Republic, Kenya, Liberia, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Togo, and Uganda. Working on the assumption that radio is the most getatable form of mass communication in Africa, RFPA trains journalists in peace-building, conflict resolution, and acting on commonalities. As stated in their achievements, 2010, RFPA has more than 3,000 members representing 100 countries, across sub-Saharan Africa and beyond. They have carried out over 90 workshops and trained local radio station personnel (Radio for Peace-Building Africa, 2011).If the media have compete an important role in educational activity violence, it seems reasonable to examine the prospects of the reverse perspective-positive media contributions to ending violence and peace building in Kenya as a whole. Furthermore, if the media are usually found to support forces that function to violent conflict, it can to a fault be said that the media have the power to influence the activities that promote peace in the society. While media have been prominent contributors to every post-Cold War conflict (Prince and Thompson, 2002, Allen and Seaton, 1999), their role in post conflict peace-building and social development has not been apparent. Elsewhere however, recently there have been enough proves to accept the idea regarding the use of role that the media have played in peace-building. For instance, in Bosnia, Burundi, Cambodia, Croatia, Israel/Palestine, Macedonia, and Rwanda there are documented positive accomplishment of initiated projects of post-conflict recovery through the role of the media (McGoldrick, 2006).Also, over the past seven years, RFPA promoted peace in its theatres of operation through levels of collaboration that it established between the government, media (TV send and news papers) and civil society, increased the ability of radio post to identify the underlying ca uses of war and conflict, increased the publics access to policy information, and used media to foster communication between policy makers and the civil society within that state, among other achievement (Radio for Peace-Building Africa Achievements, 2012).1.2 Problem StatementLiterature on conflict and peace-building reveals a dismal focus on the role of the media in peace processes. Existing theory only tends to portray the media as essential in reporting and generating discourses on conflicts (Wolfsfeld, 2004 Watson, 2006 Bratic, 2006). Scholars of the post-election phenomenon in Kenya quickly conclude that, the crisis was a deeply root political and ethnic problem. Yet, the role of the media in the conflict, as well as its ability to mediate peace is not adequately tackled. In the East African region, Kenyan media like that in Rwanda has been scrutinized at the level of international law as a perpetrator of political violence. The post-2007 crisis serves as a good case to exempl ify the process from conflict to peace-building.First, it illustrates the double role of the media as a constructive and destructive agent, and provides a link between media freedom and human rights. Secondly, this look into explores challenges of media freedom within fragile democracies, where politics, poverty and ethnic differences can influence the media agenda. While the use of hate speech in the media is not discounted, this project depart not focus on the subject as a whole, but draw examples to examine arguments. This project does not discuss ethnicity as a theory, but rather uses the term ethnic violence, a stem applied to describe political and ethnic tensions in Kenya (Hagg Kagwanja, 2007). The theory of ethnic violence has also been characterised as an element of civil or degenerate wars by several authors in recent years (Hanssen, 2000 Shaw, 2003 Kaldor, 2006).In recent times the effect of the mass media in shaping and forming the view of people especially the radi o due to its accessibility, affordability and availability as compared to TV and computers (social networks e.g. Face book, Twitter, and YouTube) has contributed immensely to the development of a country. In the area of sport the mass media is promoting all kinds of sports especially football through constant publicity. As an emerging buoyant economical industry, the various media houses have established calculate desk for sports. Besides, they also have sports journalist who monitor, research and analyze sports related issues in the world, Africa and Kenya in particular. This has brought sports to the limelight of the media and given it a place in the media cycle.Inferring to the above and many achievements and contributions of the mass media in Kenya, it can be concluded that the mass media actually do assist in social improvements and building the ideals of the society. By systematically observe the performance of state institutions and reporting progress activities of the gov ernment, by guiding and dispensing of socialization, and by entertaining its audiences through interesting programmes. Against this background, many media houses have capacity building programmes to recruit public participation through phoning-in sessions. These programmes are also inspired by the need to improve and deepen governance and democracy. Notwithstanding, none or humble solicitude has been given to programmes that are geared towards peace-building. It is for this reason that this study seeks to find out the role of the mass media in peace-building in Kenya.1.3 Objectives of the StudyThe general objective of this research will be to explore the role the media has played in peace building among selected media houses in Kenya.The specific objectives of the research will beTo examine the activities of the media in peace-building.To establish the measures that government, stakeholders and media houses have put in place towards peace-building.To find out whether the media ha s been successfully used to promote peace in Kenya.To assess the effects of the media on peace-building.To make recommendations towards the use of the media in promoting and enhancing peace-building in Kenya.1.4 Research QuestionsThe following questions will serve as research questions to guide this research.What are the activities of the media in peace-building?What measures has the government, stakeholders and media houses put in place towards peace-building?How has the media been successfully used to promote peace in Kenya?.What are the effects of the media on peace-building?1.5 Rationale for the StudyThe media is a double-edged sword. It can be a frightful weapon of violence when it propagates messages of intolerance or disinformation that manipulate public sentiment. But there is another aspect to the media. It can be an instrument of conflict resolution, when the information it presents is reliable, respects human rights, and represents diverse views. It is the kind of media t hat enables a society to make well-informed choices, which is the precursor of democratic governance. It is a media that reduces conflict and fosters human security. Today, in every part of the world, reliable, accurate and objective media, whether mainstream, alternative or non-conventional, can both help to prevent and resolve conflict through the automatic functions of responsibly disseminating information, furthering awareness and knowledge, promoting participatory and transparent governance, and addressing perceived grievances. In the same vein, inadvertently or overtly propagandistic media may equally fuel tensions and exacerbate conflicts. This study aims at establishing the role of media in peace-building in Kenya.1.6 Assumptions of the StudyThis study will be guided by the following assumptionsThe media houses in Kenya have choose acceptable practices in relation to peace-building reporting in their operations.The target audience from the population that will be selected w ill give a fair commission of the whole population under study.1.7 Limitation of the StudyUnexpected negative response from respondents due to the fact that they will be unwilling to give out sensitive organizational information. This will be delimited through counter-checking on secondary literature as well as desk-reviews.1.8 Definition of Key monetary valueCapacity BuildingCapacity development is the process whereby individuals, groups, and organisations enhance their abilities to mobilize and use resources in order to achieve their objectives on a sustainable basis. Efforts to strengthen abilities of individuals, groups, and organisations can comprise a combination of (i) human skills development (ii) changes in organisations and networks and (iii) changes in governance/institutional context (ADB, 2004). Capacity building is a complex notion it involves individual and organisational learning which builds social capital and trust, develops knowledge, skills and attitudes and w hen successful creates an organisational culture which enables organisations to set objectives, achieve results, solve problems and create adaptive procedures which enable it to survive in the long termEthnic violenceIn this study the term ethnic violence will be defined as a theme applied to describe political and ethnic tensions in Kenya (Hagg Kagwanja, 2007).MediaThe media refers to several mediums or channels used in an organized fashion to communicate information to groups of people, as a service to the public (Howard, 2002). In regard to this project, media is mainstream or self-directed (print, radio, television) in general.Peace JournalismAccording to Lynch and McGoldrick (2005) peace journalism is when editors and reporters make choices of what stories to report, and how to report them which create opportunities for society at large to consider and to value non-violent responses to conflict. Peace Journalism entailsUses the insights of conflict analysis and transformation to update the conceits of balance, fairness and true statement in reportingProvides a new route map tracing the connections between journalists, their sources, the stories they cover and the consequences of their journalism the ethics of journalistic interventionBuilds an awareness of non-violence and creativity into the practical job of everyday editing and reporting (Lynch and McGoldrick 2005 p. 5).Peace BuildingThe Carnegie Endowments Commission on the Prevention of Deadly Conflict (1997) defined peace-building as morphological prevention which consists of the strategies to address the root causes of deadly conflict. Likewise, the Joint Utstein study of peace-building concludes that peace-building attempts to encourage the development of the structural conditions, attitudes, and modes of political behavior that may permit peaceful, stable and in the long run prosperous social and economic development. It states that there are four main headings related to peace-building to provide security, to establish the socioeconomic foundations of long-term peace, to establish the political model of long-term peace, and to generate reconciliation, a healing of the wounds of war and justice (Smith, 2003).These terms will be adopted in this study based but not limited to the above definitions.CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 The Kenyan Media An OverviewKenya has a plural, sophisticated and half-hardy mass media and communication sector that serve the various competing political, social, economic, ethnic and technological needs of diverse interest groups. The sector has grown rapidly in the past 15 years because of a combination of factors including political and economic liberalization and Kenyas strategic location as a regional and international economic and communication hub. Before 1992, the media scene was small, urban based and less independent owing to repressive media laws and regulation. Today, the media especially radio and television, reaches all urba n centers and almost all rural communities. The broadcast sub-sector is diverse, dynamic and competitive with substantial reach. There are about 14 TV and 113 radio stations in Kenya (Steadman Group, 2008). Radio is the number one source of information reaching almost 90 percent of the entire population followed by television reaching about 40 percent and newspapers (30 percent). There are about 7.5 million radio sets (1.9 million in urban and 5.6 in rural areas) and 3.2 million TV sets in Kenya (1.4 million in urban and 1.8 in rural areas) in the country. There are about 16.7 radio listeners across the country with 12.4 million in rural and 4.4 million in towns (Steadman Group, 2008).Interesting developments in the broadcasting sector include the proliferation of FM stations broadcasting in over 21 ethnic languages out of 42 (CCK, 2008). The FM stations broadcasting in ethnic languages command about 30 percent of the market share today. Unfortunately, low professionalism character izes most of these FM stations because they employ untrained and less experienced journalists. Satellite broadcasting is also golden particularly among the upper and middle class in urban areas (Howard, 2008). Although the print media has a history of relative independence, it remains an urban phenomenon in Kenya. Kenya has 5 daily newspapers and over 10 weekly newspapers. The dominant newspapers are the Standard with a daily circulation of 80,000 -110,000 and Nation newspapers with a circulation of 100,000 120,000 (Mbeke Mshindi, 2008). The new media is also catching up in Kenya which boasts of 17.6 million mobile phone owners and 3.2 million internet users. There are over 1000 active blogs in Kenya. Safaricom, Kenyas number one mobile agent commands 70 percent of the market share and has over 16 million subscribers.Kenya Broadcasting Corporation (KBC), the oldest and only public broadcaster, has the largest network of TV and radio stations across the country. KBC radio service , broadcasting in over 21 ethnic languages, is the only network in Kenya with the capacity to reach all audiences across the country. It also operates KBC TV. Royal Media Services, owned by media magnate S.K. Macharia, is the second largest media house in Kenya. It operates Citizen TV which has a national reach and several radio stations broadcasting in ethnic languages including Kikuyu (Inooro), Luo (Ramogi), Kamba (Musyi), Luhya (Mulembe) among others The Nation Media Group (NMG) is the largest media network in Kenya with interests in newspapers, magazines, TV and radio. It operates the Daily Nation, Sunday Nation, the Business Daily, the East African newspapers as well as the Tourist Guide, the Business Directory among other magazines (BBC Media Monitoring, 2007). NMG runs the NTV and QTV as well as Easy FM and QFM radio stations both with a national reach. NMG is listed on the capital of Kenya Securities Exchange (NSE) with the Aga Khan as the key shareholder.The Standard Group (SG) owns the KTN Network, Kenyas first private TV station (1989) and the East African Standard Newspapers, the oldest newspapers having started in 1902. The SG is listed on the NSE with Baraza Limited, a company closely associated with the former President Daniel arap Moi and his close aide Joshua Kulei as the key shareholders. The people media group owns the People Daily several ethnic radio stations. It is associated with the Kenyatta family having bought it from Kenneth Matiba and the radio component from Rose Kimotho. Patrick Quarcco owns Kiss FM and several other FM station together Kiss TV and the Nairobi Star, a daily newspaper. Industrialist Chris Kirubi owns Capital Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) that runs CBC TV and Capital FM. Other media include STV formerly owned by professional journalist Hilary Ngweno. Kenya also has a strong faith-based broadcasting media including Hope FM, Radio Waumini owned by the Catholic Church and Family TV and radio FM owned by Leo Slingerlan d.A number of international news agencies and organizations operate from Nairobi, Kenya. These include the BBC, VOA, Duetsche Welle, Radio France, Radio China, Al Jazeera and CNN. While the press covers mainly politics and economic issues, the broadcasting stations in Kenya are characterized by heavy music and light entertainment programming lazed with interactive talk shows on politics and occurrent affairs. Kenyans have continuously voted the media as the most trusted and influential institution even as they continue to express their reservations over other government institutions like the legislature and the executive. According to BBC, the Kenyan media is one of the most respected, thriving, sophisticated and innovative in Africa. Compared to other African countries, Kenya has in the recent past enjoyed a robust economic growth which in turn has supported one of the most dynamic advertising markets on the continent and a population which consumes news and information voraciousl y.In turn, this market has supported an explosion in media over recent years. This is a relatively recent phenomenon. While an independent media tradition in Kenya is a long one, it was only in 1992 that the media bloomed to become the thriving industry it is today. Until then, the suppression of media freedom by the then KANU government, a stagnant economy and the continued monopolization of the airwaves by the governments Voice of Kenya (now Kenya Broadcasting Corporation), meant that independent media outlets were few and confined mostly to elites. Over a period of 15 years, this increasingly assertive and self-confident media has played a substantial role in mediating relationships between citizens and state, in shaping the democratic dispensation in the country, and has transformed utterly how some of the most marginalized in society access information on issues that shape their lives. Kenyan citizens have become increasingly reliant on the media for such information, investing in it with greater credibleness than almost any other source of information. For most of this period, the media has been seen nationally and internationally as a principal indicator of the democratic vitality of Kenya. Media has been at the headland of moves to transform Kenya from one party state to multiparty democracy it has gained a reputation for exposing corruption and acting as a vigorous forum for public roll it is seen as a guardian of the public interest against an overbearing state power.2.2 The Activities of the Media in Peace-BuildingWhile large scale or world war has been avoided, invariable civil conflicts have not been avoided i.e., the conflicts in Ivory Coast, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Congo, Somalia. At the same time, peaceful resolution of conflicts that have major potential for civil conflicts the transitions in South Africa, in Central and Eastern Africa have been witnessed. Therefore, peaceful resolution of national-civil conflicts is in a great part a commu nication process. That is a concept of communication that channels civil conflict away from open war in to what is called cultural negotiation (White, 1990, p.22-23). The media can provide information directly to citizens regarding major events of importance for decision -making so that citizens can take action and influence the structure of decision-making. What is expected is a narrative reconstruction of events which reveals the source of the problem, the persons who are responsible and why, and what emerge finally as the solution. The media are the forum for the expression of public opinion and enable the public and public officials to chart the general public opinion regarding the state of public affairs. The mirroring of public opinion enables the public to know what people are expecting and whether representative governments are serving the public or not. A totalistic state is one in which civil society is totally absorbed by the state, a state without a public opinion.Boutro s Boutros-Gali (1992) gave clarity and coherence to the concept of peace building when he defined it as Action to identify and support structures which will tend to strengthen and solidify peace in order to avoid relapse into conflict and, rebuilding institutions and infrastructures of nations torn by civil war and strife (and tackling the deepest causes of) economic despair, social injustice and oppression.Inscribed in Willshers signalize about his role as a journalist is an assumption about media influence which has also come to be known as the CNN effect -so called after the first Gulf War when the UN Secretary General Boutros Boutros-Ghali said We say we have 16 members in the Security Council the 15 members plus CNN (Boutros Ghali, 1995). The proposition is that todays global media have grown so mighty as to be able to raise issues to the political agenda by their own efforts issues which would otherwise hold little or no interest for the powers-that-be.In summary, the influen ce of the media on society has attracted international agencies closely involved in peace-building since the early 1990s (Ross, 2002). The media can contribute to peace, by engaging in credible reporting, representing balanced opinions in its editorial content, and opening up communication channels among parties in a conflict. It can also identify and articulate without bias the underlying interests of warring factions. By doing so, the media is capable of disseminating information that builds on the confidence of stakeholders in a conflict.2.2.1 The CNN EffectThe Harvard University Joan Shorenstein Center for Press, government activity and Public Policy has been instrumental in examining media effects. Steven Livingston, a leading CNN Effect researcher and associate professor of communication and international affairs at The George cap University, along with his colleagues at Harvard, identified three conceptual variations surrounding the CNN Effect the notion that media serves a s an agenda-setting agency, that the media serves as an impediment in some cases and that the media facilitates a more accelerated publi

Social Support for Subjective well-being of Prisoners

Social Support for inhering well-being of PrisonersTHE DIFFERENT ROLES OF SOCIAL SUPPORT FOR SUBJECTIVE WELL beingness PRISONERS MEN AND WOMEN IN THE CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS CLAS II.A YOGYAKARTAAbstractIn order to find a pattern solve of guidance for prisoners, men and women, as mandate by republic Act 1995, Article 14, split up 1 12 on the rights of prisoners, and alike in amity with the principles of the UN General Assembly Resolution 43/173 on dated December 9, 1988, for the protection of all persons, including those in the Correctional foot, then the coaching program at the Correctional Institution in men and women inmates to be distinguished. It is substantial to know how much the role of cordial leap out on the level of Subjective Well Being (SWB) men and women inmates. Subjects of this study amounted to 93 inmates from the Correctional Institution Class II.A Yogyakarta, which consisted of 70 men and 23 women. Measuring tool used to uncover SWB, that uses Satisfact ion With Life Scale (SWLS) of Dieneret al. (1985), and Social Support Scale were aspects of it refers to the perspicacity of Safiro (2000). The method of data analysis, this question using t-test analysis techniques and product moment correlation. From the results of research can be cogitate that (1) the role of sociable harbor on SWB level of 8.82% to the overall male and egg-producing(prenominal) subjects, 12.96% in male subjects, and by 2.1% in female subjects (2) On the unhurt subject of men and women, there be three factors that affect the level of affectionate support SWB of importly, ie emotional support, Informational Support and Support Social Network (3) There is no release in the level of mixer support and SWB in male and female subjects.Keywords Subjective Well Being (SWB), Social Support, Men and Women InmatesIntroductionThe law No. 12 1995 Article 1, paragraph 2, about the rights of prisoners, and the principles of the UN General Assembly Resolution 43/173 on December 9, 1988, mandated to protect all plenty, including those in Correctional Institution, and required their efforts to reform the tone of voice of manner of the inmates in the correctional system, so that when they are back to mingle with the public, they will be able to show the characteristics of individuals who apply senior high school quality of life. According to Cummings (1997), individuals who have a high quality of life will feel their subjective well- being (Subjective Well-being is abbreviated as SWB). SWB is ones taste about his life, that he is more satisfied and happier, although he still has a bit of unhappiness, so that this condition is indicated by higher persuasion of happiness compared to the feeling of unhappiness, and expressed by the satisfaction of his life (Diener in Philips, 2008). As an effort to achieve criminal implementation that is effective and efficient so the inmates can have high quality of life, The Penitentiary can divide its deve lopment by category, based on age or sex (Harsono 1995). It is also in accordance with the set in Constitution no12 in 1995 about Correctional article(12) paragraph (1), that in order to provide guidance to inmates in prisons, classification is conducted based on age, sex, length of punishment, type of crime, and another criteria which suits the call for and development. Although women is realized to have psychological needs which are different than men, prisons class IIA in Yogyakarta do not fix them as prisons for certain sex, so men and women are all in the prison environment, although they are put in a separate place. Because of the special needs of women and men are different, it is necessary to know whether there are SWB dissimilitudes between the two sexes, as the basis for the design of male and female inmates development program.From research of Sahrah et al., (2011, 2013) to the inmates in prisons of class IIA Yogyakarta, stated that the factors of religiosity, self-con fidence, the meaningfulness of life, emotional maturity, social support, perception of the physical condition of the environment, and the coping strategies are the factors that affect SWB inmates. It is also concluded that among the seven factors, meaningfulness of life, self-esteem, and social support are the factors that are very significant to inmatesSWB. Factors of meaningfulness of life and self-confidence are individual factors, while social support factors are contextual factors that more often than not can be manipulated structurally by the prisons as the institution responsible for training during the serving time. Hence, it is needed to know how big the role of social support on the level of subjective well-being of the men and women prisoners.Subjective Well Being Men and Women PrisonersInmates are convicts serving the criminal who lost independence in Prisons (Law No 12 Th. 1995 ps.1 paragraph 7). Convicted person is a person convicted by a court decision that has perma nent legal power (Indonesian Lawyear. 1995 Ps 1, paragraph 6). According to Rahardjo (1996) to treat inmates, necessary foundation of the correctional system that guarantees the rights of prisoners is certainly needed. To view the success or failure of the development patterns conducted by the officers (walinapi) to inmates, it can be seen whether the officers actually pay attention to the rights of prisoners or not, though, in this case prisoners should also be aware of the obligations that must be fulfilled.Associated with SWB, various studies that have been done by UMBY (University of MercuBuana Yogyakarta) show that there are problems related to subjective well-being of prisoners. This is reinforced by the results of research Indiyah (2001) that there are seven unfulfilled needs in inmates, they are, the need to get a sense of security, the need of conform, the need to deepen the religion, the need to make life more meaningful, needs to boost confidence, the need to maintain ad ditional knowledge, and need to be received by the community and the family after the completion of the criminal. Research conducted by Iswandari and Indiyah (2007) showed that inmates have problems with social adjustment. Further research and Lailatushifah Lestari (2008) also found that inmates susceptible to depression.From the research findings, it shows an indication towards a low Subjective Welfare on inmates. Subjective well-being is an individual evaluation of a daub or a longer period of his life, including his past. The evaluation covers the emotional reaction to a situation, mood and assessment of the inmates life, fulfillment, and satisfaction with marriage and work (Diener, et al., 2003). Moreover, Philips (2008) states that SWB is more Gordian than just happiness.Factors that influence SWB are the factor of religiosity, confidence, emotional maturity, the meaningfulness of life, social support, physical environment (Kin Nesselroade, 2003), coping strategies (Philips 2008), destination image (Sahrah, 2014b), the strategy of collaborative conflict final result (Sahrah, 2014a). The social support factor is a factor that is proven to be directly related and positively related and significantly associated with SWB in addition to the meaningfulness of life (Sahrah, et al., 2011, 2013). In this study, it is realized that there are possible differences of the inmate needs of men and women, therefore, this study is focused on the SWB of the inmates in terms of gender and their perceptions of social support given by the walinapi as prisons officer who is responsible to provide guidance to inmates.Social Support of theWalinapiJohnson Johnson (2000) suggest that social support is the exchange of resources with a view to improve the welfare and exisence of others who can be asked for help, encouragement, acceptance, and attention, and when experiencing difficulties. Social support can be defined as a sense of acceptance, care, appreciation or assistance r eceived by a person from another person or group (Sarafino, 2004).Cohen and Mc Kay Wills (1984) distinguishes five types of social support, namely (1) Emotional Support. In this aspect, it includes the expression of empathy, concern, and attention to the person concerned. This support requires the provision of a sense of comfort, peace of heart, and feeling loved for someone who has it. (2) Support of award. This aspect is going done a positive appreciation for the individuals concerned, encouragement or approval with ideas or feelings of the individual and the individual positive comparison with others. (3) Instrumentalsupport. These aspects include direct assistance to the form of services, time, and money. (4) Support for information. This aspect includes giving advice, instructions, advice, information, and feedback. (5) Support for social networks. These aspects include the feeling of social station in a group. Social networking support is a sense of membership in a group, sh aring the fun and social activities.Research MethodsThe independent variables are the Social Support and sex while the dependent variable is Subjective Well Being (SWB). The subjects of this study are 93 prisoners, consisting of 70 men and 23 women. The Selection of the research subject is done by using nonrandom random sampling method. The characteristics of the study subjects are (1) Convict Prison Class IIA Yogyakarta (2) Minimum term punishment of three years (3) Minimum education of primary school, and can read and write well.The methods of data collection is using a get over, which includes the Scale to reveal SWB Prisoners and Social Support Scale. The scale to reveal SWB of the inmates using SWLS scale of life satisfaction from Diener et al. (1985), based on the scale of the life satisfaction measured by the cognitive component of life satisfaction, and the scale is expected to raise a statement that is integrated on how a persons life runs. The rials can shows that the validity of the total valid item (with a range between a coefficient of 0494-0688) is reliable (coefficient Alpha Conbrach of 0819). The Social Support Scale consists of 50 items. After the trial, it shows that the total item os the coefficient which is corrected is ranged between 0.275 to 0.713 and Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient of 0,959.The method of data analysis used in this research is the analysis of independent samples t-test, and the product moment correlation.Table Model SummaryMode lRR square(p)Adjusted R SquareStd. Error of the Estimate1,340a,116,0965,75628a. Predictors (Constant), SS_TOT, sexResults and ConclusionsThe study subjects was as many as 93 people consisting of 70 people (75.3%) males and 23 (24.7%) were females when viewed from the education level owned by inmates, the majority of inmates have a junior high school education (29%) and high school (45.2%), other elementary educational level, Diplomas, undergraduate and master degree. Each education le vel is still no more than 10%.Table 1 CoefficientaSubjectNCoeffCoeff SquareSig.Male70.360.1296.001Female23.145.0210.254MaleFem ale93.297.0882.002a. Dependent Variable SWBb. Predictors (Constant), Social Support (SS_TOT)From Table 1, it can be concluded that the role of the Social Support SWB level of 8.82% to the overall male and female subjects, whereas in male subjects alone amounted to 12.96%, and the female subjects only by 2.1%. However, the character difference in the role of social support to SWB in men and women when they are examined again can not be proven significantly. This can be seen by the gender variable in predicting SWB social support, as shown in Table 2, Table 3 and Table 4. In the third table, it can be seen that the role of gender and Social Support together in predicting SWB amounted to 11.6% (on a regression coefficient of .340, p 0.05) in predicting SWB.Table 3ANOVAaModelSum of Squaresdf cerebrate SquareFSig.Regression389,4892194,7455,877,004b1Residual2982 ,1249033,135Total3371,61392Dependent Variable SWBPredictors (Constant), SS_TOT, SEXThe insignificant sexedifference in predicting SWB, is also the say from calculations using independent sample t-test, that there is no difference in men and women in terms of their perceptions of social acceptance of support from the walinapi, and no difference of SWB in male and female subjects ( see table 5).Table 4 CoefficientsaModelUnstandardized CoefficientsStandardized CoefficientstSig.BStd. ErrorBeta(Constant)6,8064,0831,667,0991SEX 2,3001,383-,165 1,663,100SS_TOT,050,017,2983,005,003a. Dependent Variable SWBTable 5 Social support difference SWBbased on SEXSEXNMeanStd.DeviationStd. Error Meant-testpSS_TOT1,0070220,214334,919324,17366-,040. ,9682,0023220,565240,415828,42728SWB1,007015,50006,03552,721381,582.1172,002313,21745,908061,23192If the views of the role of each factor of the social support component of the SWB on the entire male and female subjects, it can be concluded that there are three factors that affect the level of social support SWB significantly (p CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSConclusionFrom the results of research, it can be concluded that (1) the role of social support on SWB level of 8.82% to the overall male and female subjects, 12.96% in male subjects, and by 2.1% in female subjects (2) On the wholeTable 6 The correlation of social support components withSWBSSS_EmoS_ExpS_InfoS_InstS_NetSWLSPearson Correlation,297**,267**,173,193,321**,346**Sig. (2-tailed),004,010,097,064,002,001N939393939393**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). SS Social Support S_Emo Emotional Support S_Exp Expectation Support S_Info Information Support S_Inst Instrumental Support S_Net SocialNetwork Support.subject of men and women, there are three factors that affect the level of social support SWB significantly, ie emotional support, Informational Support and Support Social Network (3) There is no difference in the level of social support and SWB in mal e and female subjects.SuggestionAlthough this study can not prove the existence of differences in social support and SWB by sex inmates, the Correctional Institution Class II A Wirogunan is expected to keep increasing the levels of walinapis ability to perform basic social support for prisoners, because it proves that the provision of social support can improve SWB of the inmates. In this case the expected social support of the inmates is the kind of emotional support, information support and social networking support.REFERENCESCohen. S. Mc Kay. 1984. Social support, stress, and the buffering hypothesis an empirical review in a Baum. JE Singer, se Taylor (Eds). Handbook of Psychology and Health (Vol 4, pp 253-267) Hillsdale. NJ Erlbaum.Cummings. R.A. 1997. Comprehensive smell of Life Scale-Adult (Manual). Fift Ed. Published by The School of Psychology Deakin University.Diener. E. Emmons. R. A. Larsen. R. J. Griffin. S. 1985. The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personalit y Assessment. 49. 71-75.Diener. E. Oishi. S. Lucas. R. E. 2003. Personality, culture, and subjective well-being. Annual Review of Psycholgy. 54. 403-425.Harsono. H.S.CI. 1995. Sistem Baru Pembinaan Narapidana. Jakarta Jembatan.Indiyah. 2001. Kebutuhan-kebutuhan Psikologis Narapidana. Psikonomi, 3 (1), 1-23.Iswandari. T Indiyah. 2007. Perbedaan Penyesuaian Sosial pada Narapidana yang Tinggal di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Terbuka dan Tertutup. Skripsi. Yogyakarta Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Wangsa Manggala.Johnson. D.W. Johnson. F. P. 2000. Joining Together Group Theory Group Skill. sore Jersey Prentice Hall, Inc.Kin. J.E. Nesselroade. J. R. 2003. Relationships Among Social Support, Self- Concept Well Being of Older Results A engage of Process Using Dynamic Factor Models. International Journal of Behavior Development. Jan. 1. 27(1) 49-65.Lestari. L.P. Lailatushifah. S.N.F. 2008. Hubungan antara Berpikir Positif dengan Depresi pada Narapidana di Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Klas II A Yogyakarta. Skripsi. Yogyakarta Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Mercu Buana.Phillips. D. 2008. Quality of Life Concepts, Policy Practice. London New. PP No 28 Tahun 2006. Peraturan Pemerintah tentang Perubahan AtasPeraturan Pemerintah Nomor 32 Tahun 1999 Tentang Syarat dan Tata Cara Pelaksanaan Hak Warga Binaan Pemasyarakatan.Rahardjo. Satjipto. 1996. Ilmu Hukum. Bandung Citra Aditya Bakti.Sahrah. A. 2014. Colaborative conflict resolution stategy, emotional maturity and subjective well-being of the nurse. Proceeding of Asean Conference Psychology and Behavior Science, 27-30 Maret 2014. Jepang IAFOR (The International Academic Forum).Sahrah. A. 2014. Destination ambit and Subjective Well-Being of Students from outside Yogyakarta. Seminar Proceeding International Seminar on Tourism. 25-26 Februari 2014. Yogyakarta STIPRAM.Sahrah. A. Lailatushifah. S.N.F. Indiyah Susilaningsih. KT. Astuti. TA. 2011. Faktor faktor yang mempengaruhi Kesejahteraan Subjektif (Subjective Well-Being) nara pidana Lembaga Pemasyarakatan Klas IIA Yogyakarta. Laporan Penelitian Lembaga Pemasyarakatan-Universitas Mercu Buana Yogyakarta.Sahrah. A. Lailatushifah. S.N.F. Indiyah Susilaningsih. KT. Astuti. TA. 2013. Structural model of the influencing factors of the subjective well-being of the prisoners. Prosiding of 5th international conference national shop class improving employee relations for a better organizational climate. 4 5 October 2013. Jakarta Universitas Mercu Buana.Sarafino. E. P. 2004. Health Psychology Biopsychology Interaction. Third Edition. New York John Willey and Sans.Sarafino.E.P. 2000. Health Psychology. New York John Willey and Sans.Undang-UndangRINo.12tahun1995tentangLembaga Pemasyarakatan.

Louis Riel Essay -- essays research papers

On October 23, 1844, in Red River Manitoba, Louis Riel Sr and Julie Lagimodiere, devout Christians, brought a young Mtis boy into the world. Little did they know, Louis Riel Jr. would let up to become known to many as the founder of Manitoba. His life was filled with excitement, both political and personal. The question is, were his actions against the brass acts of honor and truth, or whoremonger and lies? Riel Jr.s political adventures did not begin until he was 25. On November 23, 1869, Riel proposed the formation of a provincial judicature to replace the Council of Assiniboia because he did not moot that they were not doing their jobs well enough to improve the dull life in Red River. On December 10th his flag flew on the pole at Fort Gary. Riel held a convention of twenty French and twenty English Canadians to draw up a new list of rights. The convention sat a week and finished on February 10th. Riel soon formed another provincial government that was more re confronted tha n the last. Three delegates were chosen from the provincial government to present the list of formed rights to the Canadian government Father Nol Ritchot, Judge Black and Alfred Scott . On March 24th, the three delegates left for capital of Canada to talk over entry into Confederation and discuss the list of rights. Finally on May 12th, 1870, the list of rights, now known as the Manitoba Act , was passed by Canadian parliament. nonpareil section protected Mtis lands, guaranteed the right to their religion, and the use of their language in the legislature and courts, but it seemed not enough. December 16th 1884, Riel dispatched a petition to Ottawa demanding that settlers be given title to the lands they occupied, that the districts of Saskatchewan, Alberta and Assiniboia be granted provincial status, that laws be passed to encourage nomadic Indians and Mtis to settle on the lands and that they be better treated. On February 11th, 1885, the government answered the petition by promi sing to appoint a commissi sensationr to investigate the Mtis claims and titles. First, a lengthy census would be taken of the Mtis. Riel, since shortsighted had been accomplished, questioned his own leadership qualities. The Mtis reaffirmed their vision of Riel as a leader and asked him to continue as their leader.Not long after these issues were tabled, a ... ...nment feared him? Whatever the reason, it was wrong. No man can be exiled without a clear, good reason , says the Charter of Rights and Freedoms. This Charter was established in 1872. Long before the trial. Riels exile is one of the main reason Riel was viewed as a traitor not good enough for Canada. It appears that Riels treacherous deeds were merely a myth, brought upon by the government to stir fear in the heart of Riel followers. So to answer the question of truth or treason? I say truth. Riel began his own provincial government, improving it as time went on even in a weak moment of question, his people supported hi m. When battle and political issues drove him from his home, he did it with lenience yet, when he returned he spoke eloquently on the subject. Even during his trial, he spoke with all the dignity and honor of a gentleman and a hero. His close was for his people. If that does not prove his honor, I do not know what does. Riels life and troubles have taught us much. In the future, we must not allow the government to control whom we believe in. We cannot allow another honorable person to die because he or she are seen as a threat.